Odetta, voice of civil rights movement, dies at 77

Odetta, the singer whose resonant voice wove together the strongest songs of American folk music and the civil rights movement, died on Tuesday in Manhattan. She was 77. The cause was heart disease, her manager, Doug Yeager, said. In a career of almost 60 years, Odetta sang at coffeehouses and at Carnegie Hall. She became one of the best-known folk-music artists of the 1950s and '60s. Her recordings of blues and ballads on dozens of albums influenced Bob Dylan, Joan Baez and Janis Joplin and many others. Odetta's voice was an accompaniment to the black-and-white images of the freedom marchers who walked the roads of Alabama and Mississippi and the boulevards of Washington to end racial discrimination. Rosa Parks, whose refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger led to the boycott of segregated buses in Montgomery, Ala., was once asked which songs meant the most to her. "All of the songs Odetta sings," she replied. One of those songs was "I'm on My Way," sung during the pivotal civil-rights March on Washington on Aug. 28, 1963. In a videotaped interview with The New York Times in 2007 for its online feature "The Last Word," Odetta recalled the sentiments of another song she performed that day, "Oh Freedom," which is rooted in slavery: "Oh freedom, Oh freedom, Oh freedom over me/ And before I'd be a slave, I'd be buried in my grave/ And go home to my Lord and be free." Odetta Holmes was born in Birmingham, Ala., on Dec. 31, 1930, in the depths of the Depression. The music of that time and place–particularly prison songs and work songs recorded in the fields of the Deep South–shaped her life. "They were liberation songs," she said in the interview with The Times. She added: "You're walking down life's road, society's foot is on your throat, every which way you turn you can't get from under that foot. And you reach a fork in the road and you can either lie down and die or insist upon your life." In a National Public Radio interview in 2005 she said: "School taught me how to count and taught me how to put a sentence together. But as far as the human spirit goes, I learned through folk music." Odetta's blues and spirituals led directly to her work for the civil rights movement. They were two rivers running together, she said in her interview with The Times. The words and music captured "the fury and frustration that I had growing up." Her fame hit a peak in 1963, when she marched with the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and performed for President John F. Kennedy. But with King's assassination in 1968, much of the wind went out of the sails of the civil rights movement, and the songs of protest and resistance that had been the movement's soundtrack began to fade. Odetta's fame flagged for years thereafter. In her 2007 interview with The Times, Odetta spoke of the long-dead singers who first gave voice to the old blues and ballads and slavery songs she sang. "Those people who made up the songs were the ones who insisted upon life and living, who reaffirmed themselves," she said. "They didn't just fall down into the cracks or the holes. And that was an incredible example for me."