US foreign policy increasingly flows through Pentagon

US foreign policy is becoming increasingly dominated by the Pentagon rather than the State Department, and Congress is doing virtually nothing about it, according to a new report released on Mar. 6 by several human rights organizations. That domination is being achieved not only by the creation of new military aid and training programmes controlled by the Pentagon -- particularly those related to the so-called "global war on terror" -- but also by the growing power of "combatant commanders," top officers who oversee military operations across entire regions of the globe, according to the report, entitled "Ready, Aim, Foreign Policy." Indeed, a major strategy document prepared last year by the US Southern Command (Southcom), which oversees all US military operations in the Caribbean and Latin America south of Mexico, proposed that Southcom coordinate all relevant US agencies, including civilian agencies, "to address the full range of regional challenges." As Southcom Commander Adm. James Stavridis described SouthCom's role in a lecture earlier this year, "...[W]e want to be like a big Velcro cube that these other agencies can hook to so we can collectively do what needs to be done in this region." The new report, which was co-authored by the Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA), the Center for International Policy (CIP), and the Latin America Working Group Education Fund (LAWG), mainly addresses the balance of power between the Pentagon and civilian agencies working in Latin America. But the three groups, which have issued annual reports on trends in US military aid to the region for the past decade, conclude that what is happening in Latin America is indicative of what is happening in other regions as well. "Our organizations focus on Latin America, so our examples are from that region, where some of the Defense Department's military aid programs were pioneered," the report noted, citing changes in the laws governing military and security aid that effectively gave the Pentagon the lead in US anti-drug efforts. "But this trend affects US foreign policy worldwide," according to the report, which called on Congress and any new administration that takes power next year to reassert civilian control. If permitted to continue, current trends will "diminish Congressional, public and even diplomatic control over a substantial lever and symbol of foreign policy. It will undercut human rights values in our relations with the rest of the world, and increase the trend toward a projection of US global power based primarily on military might," the report concluded. Indeed, the new report the latest in a series of studies that have warned of the increasing militarisation of US foreign policy, especially under the administration of President Bush. Last May, for example, the Center for Public Integrity (CPI), an independent watchdog, published on its website data that it had compiled regarding the flow of billions of dollars in Pentagon-controlled funding to repressive governments, such as Pakistan, Djibouti, Uzbekistan, and Ethiopia, that the State Department would have been unlikely to have approved under long-standing human rights or other provisions in the US foreign-aid law. The CPI project, "Collateral Damage," found that Congress exercised little or no oversight over the disbursement of much of the aid. Reports by Congress' Government Accountability Office and even the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (SFRC) have echoed concerns that the influence and operations of the State Department and other civilian agencies operating in countries overseas have been overwhelmed by the much greater resources and manpower of the Pentagon and its combatant commands. "[The] bleeding of civilian responsibilities from civilian to military agencies risks weakening the secretary of State's primacy in setting the agenda for US relations with foreign countries and the secretary of Defence's focus on warfighting," according to an SFRC report issued in December 2006. The shift in the civilian-military balance of power has been facilitated in three main ways, according to the new report. They include the attempted expansion of a Pentagon-run, $300 million-a-year military aid program, known as "Section 1206," into a permanent global fund with nearly $1 billion to spend on friendly militaries; proposals by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to restructure foreign aid in a way that would transfer management of US military aid to the Defense Department and consequently reduce Congressional oversight; and the assumption by the combatant commanders of a growing coordinating role for all US agencies, as set out in Southcom's "Command Strategy 2016." Part of the problem derives from the huge imbalance in resources between the Pentagon, whose annual budget of some $600 billion exceeds that of all the world's other militaries combined and includes some 1.68 million uniformed personnel, compared to the State Department which, with some $30 billion, has, according to one estimate, fewer foreign service officers than the number of musicians employed in all of the US' military bands. That imbalance has been made stunningly clear in Iraq where the Pentagon has repeatedly complained that the State Department and other civilian agencies have been unable to come up with the manpower and expertise to oversee reconstruction. As a result, billions of dollars in economic aid has been channeled through the Army Corps of Engineers rather than the US Agency for International Development (USAID). In other battlefields in the "war on terror," particularly in Africa and Asia, the military is increasingly engaged in humanitarian and development work, such as digging wells and building schools -- activities that have traditionally been under civilian control. "It is not acceptable to say 'State is broken,' and shift responsibilities to the Defense Department," said WOLA's director, Joy Olson. "If State is broken, fix it." While both Rice and Secretary of Defense Robert Gates have pushed Congress to provide more money to the State Department and USAID -- Gates even devoted an entire speech late last year to the necessity of spending more on US "soft power" vis-à-vis the "hard power" of the military -- the response has been muted at best. While the Pentagon, like Gates, clearly understands that Washington faces regional challenges that are not susceptible to military solutions, according to the report, its sheer size compared to the civilian agencies give it an increasingly dominant role in relations with other countries, greater even than that of the resident ambassador who traditionally has been the main coordinator of US policy and representative of the US government in foreign states. The risk is that the security dimensions of the bilateral relationship are given greater weight, often at the expense of other key considerations, such as human rights, equitable development, and the rule of law, according to the report. In addition, a greater emphasis on sustaining and building up local militaries, which may be repressive and corrupt, may actually prove counter-productive. "US military assistance -- a risky foreign policy tool in the developing world, even at the best of times -- is increasingly provided in response to narrow defense priorities, while our diplomats and our Congressional overseers, who are charged with guarding our larger national interest, are cut out of the picture," it said.